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As with human languages, many ways were devised to allow the computers and devices to communicate and, as with their human counterpart, most of the communication is incompatible with any of the other systems. The incompatibility can be broken into two categories: the physical layer and the protocol layer What is an industrial bus? Traditionally, the industrial bus has been used to allow a central computer to communicate with a field device. The central computer was a mainframe or a mini (PDP11) and the field device could be a discreet device such as a flow meter, or temperature transmitter or a complex device such as a CNC cell or robot. As the cost of computing power came down, the industrial bus allowed computers to communicate with each other to coordinate industrial production.The physical layer and the protocol layer can be defined using the phone system as an example. Any spoken language can be carried over a phone line. As long as both the speaker and the listener(s) understand the language, communication is possible. The phone line is not concerned with the meaning of the signal that it carries, it is merely moving those signals from one point to another physically. This is the physical layer, the conduit in which communications pass from one point to another. On the other hand, the speaker and listener(s) are concerned with what is transported over the phone line. If the speaker is talking in Spanish and the listener(s) are only fluent in English, communication is not possible. Although the physical layer is working, the language or "protocol" is not correct, and communications cannot exist. The industrial world has developed a variety of different physical and protocol communications standards.

Latest in Electronics

We can no more foresee the shape or extent of their effects on the health system than our ancestors could have foreseen the blossoming of science that followed the invention of the printing press.Our original editorial solicited articles that shed light on how new electronic applications could improve people's health—yet many of the submissions reported process measures far removed from health outcomes. For example, several papers described clinical decision software but gave no information on whether its use actually improved patient care in practice.The past decade has brought a range of electronic communication tools that promised to improve health care. As editors of this theme issue, we invited submissions describing how these innovations had lived up to their promise. These are our reflections on what we did and did not receive. The editorial announcing our theme issue resulted in the submission of nearly 100 articles—more than has been submitted for any other theme issue. The snapshot they provide shows that new media and communication tools are already transforming the way in which we communicate, learn, and think. The expansion of the internet, the launch of personal electronic assistants, and the penetration of wireless networks are making new relationships between doctors and the public possible. At the same time, they are exposing the weaknesses of our conventional approaches to clinical care, education, and evaluation of new interventions.

History of Electronic Media

"The king's (pharaoh's) thing", meaning that whoever was in power decided who could use papyrus as a form of communication (Sreberny 24). When this medium was brought to the people, readers and writers were born which in turn gave educated society slightly more power. The printing press brought more power to both the common people and the powerful people in charge. Books, magazines and newspapers were now available to the masses and this made it so more...Studying media is important for several reasons, especially today when we have the ability to look back and see how far ideas and technologies have come and where they are headed. As Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi suggests in her article, "Forms of Media as Ways of Knowing", examining history and how media are utilized and changing in the past and in the present can help us see how far we have come. It allows us to appreciate the forms of media we have today and how it is being shaped and controlled as time goes on. And finally, it can provide us with the insight we need to further build upon our knowledge and technology to bring us into the future.
As Sreberny took us though the advances in media throughout history, we were able to see that each person built upon some form of media which was already available. Each new medium which was brought to our attention required some sort of advancement socially, such as when Sreberny said, "Print requires writers and readers. Electronic Media demand organized production and audiences (Sreberny 24)." Each time the people with power found a new way to bring information and forms of communication to the masses, it demanded some sort of response from society.
History also shows us how power has been shifted among certain individuals throughout the journey. At first, the power rested in the hands of the political figures and royals who decided who could use which mediums. For example, in Sreberny's paper when she describes the advent of papyrus and how it literally means "The king's (pharaoh's) thing", meaning that whoever was in power decided who could use papyrus as a form of communication (Sreberny 24). When this medium was brought to the people, readers and writers were born which in turn gave educated society slightly more power. The printing press brought more power to both the common people and the powerful people in charge. Books, magazines and newspapers were now available to the masses and this made it so more...

Next generation Electronics

Describes the need to keep updated with the state of the art electronics. Examines what the future has in store for the naval engineering industry. Everyday of our lives we are always looking for the next big thing, so to say. The next fashion trend, the latest music, the newest technology, and the latest craze. In other words we are always trying to keep up with the state of the art ideas and inventions. Many things around us have changed since we were little tikes running around the house with toy cars and action figures as toys. Now we find enjoyment with going online, hanging out at the mall with friends, listening to music, playing with video games and watching movies. State of the art doesn't always have to deal with technology; it can involve for an example fashion, books, and etc. so how will I keep up the state of the art during my career Currently I'm looking to get into.....

Light and Heavy Vehicles

The proposed classification and tracking algorithm is implemented in matlab considering vehicles (Light and Heavy Vehicles) as targets and audio signal as signal source. The classification of the target is done along predictive tracking and the energy consumed per unit time in the sensor network is calculated. The overall response of the classifier for varied signals is also tested and accuracy percentages were determined. Thus the project forms a complete solution for implementation of intrusion detection, identification and tracking of targets using wireless sensor network technology

wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is made of numerous small independent sensor nodes, which consist of a battery, radio, sensors, and a minimal amount of onboard computing power and has wireless communication capabilities among sensor nodes. Application of sensor nodes is quite common in the field of Agricultural monitoring (for climate sensitive crops), structural monitoring etc. However object detection, classification and tracking using WSN is more challenging and involves sensing and recognizing an object that enters the network area by collecting signals (acoustic, magnetic etc.) and processing them not only in real time but also involving restricted power consumption constraints. The real time applications include vehicle tracking, inventory tracking inside factories, military tracking and identification of hostile intrusion vehicles, and automatic tollgate collection based on two wheelers or four wheelers.

Nodes of Sensors

Sensor nodes are distributed in an optimized pattern and by taking in to account the limited power sources of sensor nodes, the tracking of object or target with random movement patterns is done by an energy efficient tracking algorithm, called selective activation combined with prediction. Audio signals are used to detect and classify the objects among the known classes. Specific parameters called feature vectors are calculated from the sampled audio signals for various objects and are used to train the classifier for classifying the object to its class. The selection of appropriate classifier and feature vectors proved to be very significant for achieving high accuracy percentage in classification. Thus a highly customized version of classifier and tracking algorithm specifically suitable for WSN is achieved